Air release valves (ARVs) are used to help resolve air entrapment issues. ARVs are typically located at high point elevations in force mains. The ARV released any entrapped air caught at the high point of the system (see image below 1). This air can come from pressure changes, the pumps, through any openings, and/or through fittings. There is air trapped at high point elevations because air is lighter then water and there is nothing forcing …